• This approach accounts for the Fourth Gospel’s Jewishness, despite its being finalized within a Gentile setting. Weaknesses of a two-level approach include: • The tendency of the second level of history to eclipse the first; while the Johannine text was finalized in a Hellenistic setting, it also shows signs of Palestinian phases of development. • While extensive excommunication of Jesus adherents from synagogues is unlikely, some marginalization of “ditheists” cannot be ruled out (for example,
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